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41.
Ilaria Guagliardi Natalia Rovella Carmine Apollaro Andrea Bloise Rosanna De Rosa Fabio Scarciglia Gabriele Buttafuoco 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(8):1569-1578
The activity of natural radionuclides in soil has become an environmental concern for local public and national authorities because of the harmful effects of radiation exposure on human health. In this context, modelling and mapping the activity of natural radionuclides in soil is an important research topic. The study was aimed to model, in a spatial sense, the soil radioactivity in an urban and peri-urban soils area in southern Italy to analyse the seasonal influence on soil radioactivity. Measures of gamma radiation naturally emitted through the decay of radioactive isotopes (potassium, uranium and thorium) were analysed using a geostatistical approach to map the spatial distribution of soil radioactivity. The activity of three radionuclides was measured at 181 locations using a high-resolution ?-ray spectrometry. To take into account the influence of season, the measurements were carried out in summer and in winter. Activity data were analysed by using a geostatistical approach and zones of relatively high or low radioactivity were delineated. Among the main processes which influence natural radioactivity such as geology, geochemical, pedological, and ecological processes, results of this study showed a prominent control of radio-emission measurements by seasonal changes. Low natural radioactivity levels were measured in December associated with winter weather and moist soil conditions (due to high rainfall and low temperature), and higher activity values in July, when the soil was dry and no precipitations occurred. 相似文献
42.
Comparing Beerkan infiltration tests with rainfall simulation experiments for hydraulic characterization of a sandy‐loam soil 
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下载免费PDF全文 Simone Di Prima Vincenzo Bagarello Laurent Lassabatere Rafael Angulo‐Jaramillo Inmaculada Bautista Maria Burguet Artemi Cerdà Massimo Iovino Massimo Prosdocimi 《水文研究》2017,31(20):3520-3532
Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, K s , data collected by ponding infiltrometer methods and usual experimental procedures could be unusable for interpreting field hydrological processes and particularly rainfall infiltration. The K s values determined by an infiltrometer experiment carried out by applying water at a relatively large distance from the soil surface could however be more appropriate to explain surface runoff generation phenomena during intense rainfall events. In this study, a link between rainfall simulation and ponding infiltrometer experiments was established for a sandy‐loam soil. The height of water pouring for the infiltrometer run was chosen, establishing a similarity between the gravitational potential energy of the applied water, E p , and the rainfall kinetic energy, E k . To test the soundness of this procedure, the soil was sampled with the Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameters procedure of soil hydraulic characterization and two heights of water pouring (0.03 m, i.e., usual procedure, and 0.34 m, yielding E p = E k ). Then, a comparison between experimental steady‐state infiltration rates, i sR , measured with rainfall simulation experiments determining runoff production and K s values for the two water pouring heights was carried out in order to discriminate between theoretically possible (i sR ≥ K s ) and impossible (i sR < K s ) situations. Physically possible K s values were only obtained by applying water at a relatively large distance from the soil surface, because i sR was equal to 20.0 mm h?1 and K s values were 146.2–163.9 and 15.2–18.7 mm h?1 for a height of water pouring of 0.03 and 0.34 m, respectively. This result suggested the consistency between Beerkan runs with a high height of water pouring and rainfall simulator experiments. Soil compaction and mechanical aggregate breakdown were the most plausible physical mechanisms determining reduction of K s with height. This study demonstrated that the height from which water is poured onto the soil surface is a key parameter in infiltrometer experiments and can be adapted to mimic the effect of high intensity rain on soil hydraulic properties. 相似文献
43.
Close relationships between deformation and volcanism are well documented in relatively late evolutionary stages of continental rifting, whereas these are poorly constrained in less mature rifting stages. To investigate the control of inherited structures on faulting and volcanism, we present a statistical analysis of volcanic features, faults and pre‐rift fabric in the Tanzania Divergence, where volcanic features occur extensively in in‐rift and off‐rift areas. Our results show that in mature rift sectors (Natron), magma uprising is mostly controlled by fractures/faults responding to the far‐field stress, whereas the distribution of volcanism during initial rifting (Eyasi) is controlled by inherited structures oblique to the regional extension direction. Off‐rift sectors show a marked control of pre‐rift structures on magma emplacement, which may not respond to the regional stress field. Thus, the use of off‐rift magmatic features as stress indicators should take into account the role of pre‐existing structures. 相似文献
44.
G. Diego Gatta Ilaria Adamo Martin Meven Erica Lambruschi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2012,39(10):829-840
The chemical composition and the crystal structure of pezzottaite [ideal composition Cs(Be2Li)Al2Si6O18; space group: ${\it{R}} \overline{\text{3}} $ c, a?=?15.9615(6) ?, c?=?27.8568(9) ?] from the type locality in Ambatovita (central Madagascar) were investigated by electron microprobe analysis in wavelength dispersive mode, thermo-gravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray (at 298?K) and neutron (at 2.3?K) diffraction. The average chemical formula of the sample of pezzottaite resulted Cs1,Cs2(Cs0.565Rb0.027K0.017)Σ0.600 Na1,Na2(Na0.101Ca0.024)Σ0.125Be2.078Li0.922 Al1,Al2(Mg0.002Mn0.002Fe0.003Al1.978)Σ1.985 Si1,Si2,Si3(Al0.056Si5.944)Σ6O18·0.27H2O. The (unpolarized) IR spectrum over the region 3,800–600?cm?1 was collected and a comparison with the absorption bands found in beryl carried out. In particular, two-weak absorption bands ascribable to the fundamental H2O stretching vibrations (i.e. 3,591 and 3,545?cm?1) were observed, despite the mineral being nominally anhydrous. The X-ray and neutron structure refinements showed: (a) a non-significant presence of aluminium, beryllium or lithium at the Si1, Si2 and Si3 sites, (b) the absence (at a significant level) of lithium at the octahedral Al1, Al2 and Al3 sites and (c) a partial lithium/beryllium disordering between tetrahedral Be and Li sites. 相似文献
45.
Jan Blahut Ilaria Poretti Mattia De Amicis Simone Sterlacchini 《Natural Hazards》2012,60(3):1065-1083
This paper presents the results of a research concerning available historical information about natural hazards (landslides
and floods) and consequent disasters in the Consortium of Mountain Municipalities of Valtellina di Tirano, in Northern Italy.
A geo-referenced database, collecting information till 2008, was designed with the aim of using available data of historical
events for hazard estimation and the definition of risk scenarios as a basis for Civil Protection planning and emergency management
purposes. This database and related statistics about landslides and floods are shown, and a brief overview of historical disasters
caused by natural hazards in the study area is presented. A case study showing how useful the database can be to define a
simple but realistic scenario is described. Information availability and reliability is discussed and possible uncertainties
are underlined. The study shows that collecting and making use of historical information for the definition of hypothetical
scenarios and the evaluation of territorial threats is a fundamental source of knowledge to deal with future emergencies. 相似文献
46.
ABSTRACTWe investigate the evidence for changes in the magnitude of peak river flows in Great Britain. We focus on a set of 117 near-natural “benchmark” catchments to detect trends not driven by land use and other human impacts, and aim to attribute trends in peak river flows to some climate indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the East Atlantic (EA) index. We propose modelling all stations together in a Bayesian multilevel framework to be better able to detect any signal that is present in the data by pooling information across several stations. This approach leads to the detection of a clear countrywide time trend. Additionally, in a univariate approach, both the EA and NAO indices appear to have a considerable association with peak river flows. When a multivariate approach is taken to unmask the collinearity between climate indices and time, the association between NAO and peak flows disappears, while the association with EA remains clear. This demonstrates the usefulness of a multivariate and multilevel approach when it comes to accurately attributing trends in peak river flows. 相似文献
47.
Long‐term presence and habitat use of Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris, G. Cuvier 1823) is a poorly known species and many international agreements have asked for a better understanding of its biology for conservation purposes. In the present study, systematic cetacean surveys were carried out from ferries along a trans‐regional fixed transect in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea (Civitavecchia, Latium – Golfo Aranci, Sardinia), just outside the southeastern border of the Pelagos Sanctuary. This research provided long‐term, consistent data on Cuvier's beaked whale during two research periods (1990–1992 and 2007–2011). The objective of the research was to compare the presence, distribution and habitat use of Cuvier's beaked whale between the two investigated periods. Summer data (June–September) from the two periods were compared in terms of frequency of sightings, group size and spatial distribution related to the main ecogeographical features. A presence‐absence model (generalized additive modelling) was performed to predict habitat suitability in the two study periods. The results highlight long‐term site fidelity of Cuvier's beaked whale in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea with encounter rates comparable to the ones reported for other key areas. Separate suitability models based on 1990s and 2000s data appeared to work for each individual time period but differences were evident between the two periods, indicating changes in habitat selection over time. Our findings of the study appear to expand the definition of suitable beaked whale habitat and underline how the temporal scale of the analysis can affect the results in habitat studies. Moreover, this research highlights the importance of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea marine region for Cuvier's beaked whale and the ability of continuous monitoring to identify changes in cetacean frequency and distribution, necessary for adaptive conservation management approaches. 相似文献
48.
Influence of the Po River runoff on the bacterioplankton community along trophic and salinity gradients in the Northern Adriatic Sea 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Ilaria Pizzetti Giuliano Lupini Fabrizio Bernardi Aubry Francesco Acri Bernhard M. Fuchs Stefano Fazi 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(6):1386-1397
The Po River runoff strongly affects the oceanographic and ecological characteristics of the Northern Adriatic Sea. Catalysed reported deposition ‐ fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD‐FISH) analysis was employed to assess how the composition of the coastal bacterioplankton community is influenced by the river runoff in two different seasons (spring and autumn). Samples were collected from the water column along a coastal–offshore transect in the Northern Adriatic Sea at different depths. Four clone libraries were then constructed from coastal (0 m) and offshore waters (?65 m). Higher abundances of bacteria were recorded in coastal waters as compared with the offshore samples. This result was mainly due to the trophic state of the water column, and it was related to salinity. Particularly, Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were affected by the riverine inputs, whereas Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria showed only minor responses. This was particularly clear in the autumn sample, in which a clear difference between the coastal and the offshore samples was found due to a strong influence of the less saline river water with high nutrient concentrations. Analysis of 205 partial length 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated a high diversity with the dominance of Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Gammaproteobacteria mainly affiliated to coastal and marine bacterioplankton clades. Actinobacteria were also detected and, together with Gammaproteobacteria, strongly follow the freshwater intrusion. Overall, our results indicate that the seasonal difference in the Po River discharge greatly affects the bacterioplankton community. In spring we observed a smooth transition from coastal to open‐sea conditions owing to the more superficial freshwater plume. In autumn the deeper freshwater intrusion in the coastal site and thermal stratification offshore resulted in a marked difference between the coastal and offshore microbial communities. 相似文献
49.
GeoJournal - While marital age is the highest worldwide, spatial disparities still exist among European regions. Although Mediterranean societies were traditionally characterized by high propensity... 相似文献
50.
Stefania Argentini Giangiuseppe Mastrantonio Igor Petenko Ilaria Pietroni Angelo Viola 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,143(1):177-188
Measurements in the atmospheric surface layer are generally made with point sensors located in the first few tens of metres.
In most cases, however, these measurements are not representative of the whole surface layer. Standard Doppler sodars allow
a continuous display of the turbulent thermal structure and wind profiles in the boundary layer up to 1000 m, with a few points,
if any, in the surface layer. To overcome these limitations a new sodar configuration is proposed that allows for a higher
resolution in the surface layer. Because of its capabilities (echo recording starting at 2 m, echo intensity vertical resolution
of approximately 2 m, temporal resolution of 1 s) this sodar is called the surface-layer mini-sodar (SLM-sodar). Features
and capabilities of the SLM-sodar are described and compared with the sodar. The comparison of the thermal vertical structure
given by the SLM-sodar and the sodar provides evidence that, in most cases, the surface layer presents a level of complexity
comparable to that of the entire boundary layer. Considering its high vertical resolution, the SLM-sodar is a promising system
for the study of the nocturnal surface layer. The nocturnal SLM-sodar measurements have shown that, depending on wind speed,
the structure of the surface layer may change substantially within a short time period. At night, when the wind speed is greater
than 3 m s−1, mechanical mixing destroys the wavy structure present in the nocturnal layer. Sonic anemometer measurements have shown that,
in such cases, also the sensible heat flux varies with height, reaching a peak in correspondence with the wind speed peak.
Under these conditions the assumption of horizontal homogeneity of the surface layer and the choice of the averaging time
need to be carefully treated. 相似文献